Imperu Kushan

L-Imperu Kushan (ċ. Seklu I–Seklu III) kien stat li fl-aqwa tiegħu, bejn l-105–250, kien jifrex minn Tajikistan sal-Baħar Kaspjan sa l-Afganistan u l-isfel fil-wied tax-Xmara Ganges. L-imperu inħoloq mit-tribù Kushan ta' lYuezhi, li kien poplu mill-Xinjiang moderna, Ċina, possibilment relatat mat-Tocharians. Kellhom kuntatti diplomatiċi ma' Ruma, Persja Sassanja u Ċina, u għal ħafna sekli kienu fiċ-ċentru ta' skambji bejn il-Lvant u l-Punent.

Oriġini

L-isem Kushan ġej mill-kelma Ċiniża Guishuang (Ċ:貴霜) li kienet tiddiskrivi wieħed mill-ħames tribujiet ta' l-Yuezhi (Ċ:月氏), konfederazzjoni laxka ta' popli Indo-Ewropej li jitkellmu verżjonijiet tal-lingwa Tocharian. Kienu l-Indo-Ewropej li joqgħodu l-iktar fil-Lvant, li kienu jgħixu fil-Baċir Tarim fil-Xinjiang tal-lum il-ġurnata, sakemm ġew imkeċċija lejn il-Punent mill-Xiongnu fil176–160 q.K. Il-ħames tribujiet Yuezhi huma magħrufa fl-istorja Ċiniża bħala Xiūmì (Ch:休密), Guishuang (Ch:貴霜), Shuangmi (Ch:雙靡), Xidun (Ch:肸頓), u Dūmì (Ch:都密).

Il-Yuezhi waslu fir-renju Ellenistiku ta' Greco-Bactria, fit-territorju Bactrian (Afganistan u Uzbekistan ta' fuq) fil-135 q.K ċirka, u rrimpjazzaw id-dinastiji Griegi t'hemmhekk, li mxew fil-baċir Indus (illum fil-Pakistan) fil-parti tal-punent tar-Renju Indo-Grieg.

Waqa'

Dinar tad-deheb tar-rè tal-Kushan, Kanishka II (200–220)

Mis-Seklu III 'l quddiem, l-Imperu Kushan beda jitfarrak.

Ċirka il-225, Vasudeva I miet u l-Imperu Kushan ġie maqsum f'żewġ partijiet, dak tal-lvant u dak tal-punent. Bejn il-224–240, is-Sasanians invadew Bactria u l-Indja ta' Fuq, fejn huma magħrufa bħala l-Indo-Sassanians.

Għall-ħabta tal-270, il-Kushani tilfu t-territorji tagħhom fil-pjanura tal-Ganges, fejn ġie stabbilit l-Imperu Gupta ċirka 320.

F'nofs is-Seklu IV vassal Kushan fil-Pakistan, bl-isema ta' Kidara, ħa l-poter u kisser id-dinastija antika tal-Kushan. Huwa ħoloq renju magħruf bħala r-Renju Kidarite, avolja hu probabilment kien jikkunsidra lilu nnifsu bħala Kushan, kif inhu indikat bl-istil Kushan li adotta għall-muniti tiegħu. Il-Kidariti jidru li kienu pjuttost prosperużi, għalkemm fuq skala iżgħat mill-predeċessuri Kushani tagħhom.

Il-fdalijiet ta' l-Imperu Kushan kienu eventwalment imwarrba fis-Seklu V bl-invażjonijiet tal-White Huns, u iktar 'il quddiem bl-espansjoni ta' l-Iżlam.

Sovrani Kushan prinċipali

• Heraios (ċ. 1 – 30), l-ewwel sovran Kushan; jeżistu xi disputi rigward id-dati ta' ħakma
• Kujula Kadphises (ċ. 30 – ċ. 80)
• Vima Takto, (ċ. 80 – ċ. 105) alias Soter Megas jew "Salvatur Kbir"
• Vima Kadphises (ċ. 105 – ċ. 127) l-ewwel imperatur kbir Kushan
• Kanishka I (127 – ċ. 147)
• Vāsishka (ċ. 151 – ċ. 155)
• Huvishka (ċ. 155 – ċ. 187)
• Vasudeva I (ċ. 191 – 225), l-aħħar imperatur kbir Kushan
• Kanishka II (ċ. 226 – 240)
• Vashishka (ċ. 240 – 250)
• Kanishka III (ċ. 255 – 275)
• Vasudeva II (ċ. 290 – 310)
• Chhu (ċ. 310? – 325?)
• Shaka I (ċ. 325 – 345)
• Kipunada (ċ. 350 – 375)

Links esterni

• Metropolitan Museum capsule history
• New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating
• Antique Indian Coins
• Brief Guide to Kushan History

Referenzi

• Falk, Harry. 2001. “The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuşâņas.” Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, pp. 121–136.
• Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chaptaire de Hiuen-Tsang)." BEFEO No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369.
• Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī"; Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11, pp. 25–32.
• Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
• Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.[1]
• Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
• Konow, Sten. Editor. 1929. Kharoshthī Inscriptions with Exception of those of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I. Reprint: Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1969.
• Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
• Liu, Xinru 2001 “Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies.” Journal of World History, Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 261–292. [3].
• Sarianidi, Victor. 1985. The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan. Harry N. Abrams, New York.
• Spooner, D. B. 1908–9. "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī."; Archaeological Survey of India, 1908–9, pp. 38–59.
• Watson, Burton. Trans. 1961. Records of the Grand Historian of China: Translated from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. Chapter 123: The Account of Ta-yüan, p. 265. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08167-7