Acmilanmalta1
Joined 10 Novembru 2012
Content deleted Content added
Linja 129:
Matul ir-[[Restawr Franċiż|Restawr]], il-pontijiet u l-pjazez ta' Pariġi ġew irritornati bl-ismijiet tal-Pre-rivoluzzjoni tagħhom, imma r-[[Rivoluzzjoni ta' Lulju]] fl-1830 f'Pariġi, (ikkommemorata mill-[[Kolonna ta' Lulju]] fil-[[Place de la Bastille]]), [[Louis Philippe I]], kiseb il-poter billi ressaq monarkija kostituzzjonali. L-ewwel linja tal-ferrovija lejn f'Pariġi fetħet fl-1837, dan kien bidu ta' perjodu ġdid ta' migrazzjoni massiv mill-[[Provinċji ta' Franza|provinċji]] għall-belt.
[[File:Construction tour eiffel5.JPG|thumb|right|upright|It-[[Torri Eiffel]] taħt kostruzzjoni f'Awwissu tal-1888.]]
Louis-Philippe kien magħruf minn rewwixta popolari fit-toroq ta' Pariġi fl-1848. Is-suċċessur tiegħu, [[Napuljun III]] kien għadu kemm inħatar prefett tas-Seine, [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], beda proġett ġgantesk ta' xogħlijiet pubbliċi biex jinbnew boulevards wiesgħa ġodda, dar tal-opra ġdida, suq ċentrali, akwadotti ġodda, sistema tad-dranaġġ u l-parks,
Matul il-[[Gwerra Franko-Prussjana]] (1870–1871), Pariġi kien assedjata mill-armata Prussjana. Wara xhur ta' imblokk, ġuħ, u mbagħad bumbardament mill-Prussi, il-belt kienet sfurzata li ċċedi fit-28 ta' Jannar 1871. Fit-28 ta' Marzu, gvern rivoluzzjonarju msejjaħ il-[[Komun ta' Pariġi]] ħataf il-poter f'Pariġi. Il-Komun żamm il-poter għal xahrejn, sakemm kien soppress ħarex mill-armata Franċiża matul il-"Ġimgħa tad-Dmija" fl-aħħar ta' Mejju tal-1871.
Tard fis-seklu 19, Pariġi organizzat żewġ ekspożizzjonijiet internazzjonali ewlenin: l-[[Ekspożizzjoni Universelle (1889)|Ekspożizzjoni Universali 1889]], li saret biex tfakkar iċ-ċentinarju tar-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża u wara tħabbar it-Torri Eiffel; u l-[[Ekspożizzjoni Universelle (1900)|Ekspożizzjoni Universali 1900]], li tat lill-Pariġi il-''[[Pont Alexandre III]]'', il-''[[Grand Palais]]'', il-''[[Petit Palais]]'' u l-ewwel linja tal-[[Paris Métro]]. Pariġi saret il-laboratorju tan-[[naturaliżmu (letteratura)|naturaliżmu]] ([[Émile Zola]]) u tas-[[simboliżmu (arti)|simboliżmu]] ([[Charles Baudelaire]] u [[Paul Verlaine]]), u tal-[[impressjoniżmu]] fl-arti ([[Courbet]], [[Manet]], [[Claude Monet|Monet]], [[Renoir]].)
===Seklu 20 u 21===
Sa mill-1901, il-popolazzjoni ta' Pariġi kienet kibret sa 2,715,000. Fil-bidu tas-seklu, artisti minn madwar id-dinja, inklużi [[Picasso]], [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]] u [[Matisse]] għamlu Pariġi d-dar tagħhom; il-belt saret ukoll post tat-twelid tal-[[Fauviżmu]], tal-[[Kubiżmu]] u tal-[[arti astratta]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC Dan Franck, ''Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art,'' Grove Press, 2003, ISBN 080219740X]</ref> u tal-awturi bħal [[Marcel Proust]] li kien ta' esplorazzjoni tal-approċċi ġodda għall-letteratura.
Matul l-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], kultant Pariġi sabet ruħha fuq il-linja ta' quddiem; bejn 600 u 1,000 taksijiet ta' Pariġi kellhom rwol żgħir iżda importanti u simboliku ferm billi trasportaw 6,000 suldat għall-linja ta' quddiem fl-[[L-Ewwel Battalja tal-Marne|Ewwel Battalja tal-Marne]]. Il-belt kienet ukoll ibbumbardjata minn Zeppelins u ġiet milquta wkoll minn armi tan-nar Ġermaniżi. Fis-snin ta' wara l-gwerra, magħrufa bħala ''Les Années Folles'', Parġi kompliet tkun mekka għall-kittieba, mużiċisti u artisti minn madwar id-dinja, inklużi [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[James Joyce]], [[Josephine Baker]], [[Sidney Bechet]]<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. ISBN 9780520225374,</ref> u [[Salvador Dalí]].<ref name=Meisler>{{ċita web|kuljom1=Meisler|isem1=Stanley|titlu=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/|sit=Smithsonian.com|editur=Smithsonian Magazine|aċċessdata=12 ta' Lulju 2014|data=April 2005}}</ref>
Fis-snin wara l-konferenza tal-paċi, il-belt kienet ukoll post għal numru kbir ta' studenti u attivisti mill-[[Imperu Kolonjali Franċiż|kolonji Franċiżi]] u minn pajjiżi oħra Asjatiċi u Afrikani, li aktar tard saru l-mexxejja tal-pajjiżi tagħhom stess, bħal [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Zhou Enlai]] u [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]].<ref>Goebel, [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor ''Anti-Imperial Metropolis''].</ref>
[[Stampa:The Liberation of Paris, 25 - 26 August 1944 HU66477.jpg|thumb|Il-Ġeneral [[Charles de Gaulle]] jiċċelebra l-liberazzjoni ta' Pariġi (26 ta' Awwissu 1944).|xellug]]
Fl-14 ta' Ġunju 1940, l-armata Ġermaniża mmarċjat ġewwa Pariġi, imbagħad il-belt kienet ġiet iddikjarata bħala "[[belt miftuħa]]". Fis-16 u s-17 ta' Lulju 1942, wara l-ordnijiet Ġermaniżi, il-pulizija Franċiża u l-ġendarmi arrestaw 12,884 lhud, inklużi 4,115-il tifel, u llimitahom matul ħamest ijiem fil-''Vel d'Hiv'' (''Vélodrome d'Hiver''), uħud minnhom kienu trasportati bil-ferrovija għall-kamp ta' sterminazzjoni f'[[Kamp ta' konċentrament t'Auschwitz|Auschwitz]], ebda wieħed mit-tfal ma' ġie lura. Fil-25 ta' Awwissu 1944, il-belt kienet liberata mit-Tieni Diviżjoni Blindata Franċiża u mir-Raba' Diviżjoni tal-Infanterija tal-[[Armata tal-Istati Uniti]]. Il-Ġeneral [[Charles de Gaulle]] wassal folla enormi u emozzjonali mill-Champs Élysées lejn in-Notre Dame de Paris, u għamel diskors eċċitanti mill-[[Hôtel de Ville (Pariġi)|Hôtel de Ville]].
Fil-ħamsinijiet u s-sittinijiet, Pariġi saret minn ta' quddiem fil-[[Gwerra Alġerina]] għall-indipendenza; f'Awwissu 1961, il-pro-indipendenza, il-[[Front Liberali Nazzjonali (Alġerija)|FLN]] immirat u qatlet 11-il pulizija pariġina, li dan wassal għall-impożizzjoni ta' kurfew fuq Musulmani tal-Alġerija (li f'dak iż-żmien kienu ċittadini Franċiżi). Fis-17 ta' Ottubru 1961, protesta paċifika iżda mhux awtorizzata tal-Alġerini kontra l-kurfew, waslet għal konfrontazzjonijiet vjolenti bejn il-pulizija u d-dimostranti, fejn mill-inqas 40 persuna nqatlu, inklużi xi uħud mitfuha fis-Seine. L-anti-indipendenza ''[[Organisation de l'armée secrète]]'' (OAS), min-naħa tagħhom, wettqu sensiela ta' bombi f'Pariġi bejn l-1961 u l-1962.<ref>{{ċita web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre|titlu=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on|awtur=Kim Willsher|editur=''The Guardian''|aċċessdata=26 ta' Ottubru 2014 }}</ref>
[[Stampa:Centre_Georges-Pompidou_tsj.jpg|thumb|right|Iċ-[[Ċentru Georges Pompidou]], mużew ta' arti moderna.]]
F'Mejju 1968, studenti protestanti okkupaw is-[[Università ta' Pariġi|Sorbonne]] u fetħu barrikati fil-[[Kwartier latin (Pariġi)|Kwartier latin]]. Eluf ta' ħaddiema b'kullar blu Pariġini ssieħbu mal-istudenti, u l-moviment kiber fi strajk ġenerali ta' ġimgħatejn. Partitarji tal-gvern rebħu l-elezzjonijiet ta' Ġunju b'maġġoranza kbira. L-[[Avvenimenti f'Mejju 1968 fi Franza]] rriżultaw it-tifrik tal-Università ta' Pariġi fi 13-il kampus indipendenti.
In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, [[Jacques Chirac]] became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The [[Tour Montparnasse|Tour Maine Montparnasse]], the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and 210 metres high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}}
The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107-108}} A suburban railway network, the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] (''Réseau Express Régional''), was built to complement the ''Métro,'' and the [[Périphérique (Paris)|''Périphérique'']] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}
Most of the postwar's presidents of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President [[Georges Pompidou]] started the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] (1977), [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] began the [[Musée d'Orsay]] (1986); President [[François Mitterrand]], in power for 14 years, built the [[Opéra Bastille]] (1985-1989), the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (1996), the [[Arche de la Défense]] (1985-1989), and the [[Louvre Pyramid]] with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); [[Jacques Chirac]] (2006), the [[Musée du quai Branly]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226-230}}
In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, [[Bertrand Delanoë]] became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the [[Vélib']], a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the ''[[Promenade des Berges de la Seine]]'', which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens|title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens|publisher=''Le Moniteur''|date=19 June 2013|accessdate=2 December 2014|language=French}}</ref>
In 2007, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] launched the ''[[Grand Paris]]'' project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the [[Grand Paris|Metropolis of Grand Paris]], with a population of 6.7 million, is scheduled for creation on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |date=29 April 2009 |work= |publisher=[[The Independent]] |accessdate=12 June 2009 | location=London | first=John | last=Lichfield}}</ref>
In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the [[Grand Paris Express]], totaling 205 kilometres of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and [[TGV|high-speed rail (TGV)]] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html|title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed|date=12 March 2013|accessdate=24 April 2013|publisher=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet|title=Le Metro du Grand Paris|publisher= Site of Grand Paris Express|language=French|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>
On 5 April 2014, [[Anne Hidalgo]], a socialist, was elected the first female mayor of Paris.
[[File:Place de la République, 18h50, une foule silencieuse.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Anti-terrorism demonstration on ''Place de la République'' after [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] (11 January 2015)]]
On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of ''[[Charlie Hebdo shooting|Charlie Hebdo]]'' and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an [[Porte de Vincennes siege|attack at a Jewish grocery store]] at ''[[Porte de Vincennes]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html|publisher=''Le Monde''|date=15 January 2015|accessdate=15 January 2015|title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées|language=French}}</ref> On 11 January an estimated [[Republican marches|1.5 million people marched in Paris]]–along with international political leaders–to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php|title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine|publisher=''Le Figaro''|date=11 January 2015|accessdate=11 January 2015|language=French}}</ref>
Ten months later, 13 November 2015, came [[November 2015 Paris attacks|a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis]] claimed by the 'Islamic state' organisation [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] ('Daesh', ISIS);<ref>{{Cite news|title = Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114|newspaper = Reuters|date = 2015-11-14|access-date = 2015-11-14}}</ref> 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs, and more than 350 were injured.<ref>''Le Figaro'' on-line, ''Le Monde'' on-line, AP, Reuters, 22 November 2015 0700 Paris time</ref> Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests. On the morning of 18 November three suspected terrorists, including alleged planner of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud, were killed in a shootout with police in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis.<ref>''Le Monde'' on-line 20 November 1430 Paris time</ref> President Hollande declared France to be in a three-month [[state of emergency]],<ref>''Le Monde'' on-line, 14 November 1015 Paris time</ref>
==Referenzi==
| |||