- Immanuel Kant, 1724 - 1804
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 1729 - 1781
- Moses Mendelssohn, 1729 - 1786
- Georg Johann Hamann, 1730 - 1788
- Thomas Jefferson, 1743 - 1826
- Johann Gottfried von Herder, 1744 - 1803
- Jeremy Bentham, 1748 - 1832
- Solomon Maimon, 1754 - 1800
- Friedrich Schiller, 1759 - 1805
- Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759 - 1797
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 1762 - 1814
- Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Baronne de Staël-Holstein, 1766 - 1817
- Wilhelm von Humboldt, 1767 - 1835
- Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher, 1768 - 1834
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770 - 1831
- Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, 1775 - 1854
- Johann Friedrich Herbart, 1776 - 1841
- Bernard Bolzano, 1781 - 1848
- Karl C.F. Krause, 1781 - 1832
- Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788 - 1860
- Auguste Comte, 1798 - 1857
- Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, 1804 - 1872
- John Stuart Mill, 1806 - 1873
- Charles Darwin, 1809 - 1882
- Søren Aabye Kierkegaard, 1813 - 1855
- Mikhail Bakunin, 1814 - 1876
- Karl Marx, 1818 - 1883
- Frederick Engels, 1820 - 1895
- Herbert Spencer, 1820 - 1903
- Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1821 - 1881
- Wilhelm Dilthey, 1833 - 1911
- Thomas Hill Green, 1836 - 1882
- Franz Brentano, 1838 - 1907
- Ernst Mach, 1838 - 1916
- Charles Sanders Peirce, 1839 - 1914
- William James, 1842 - 1910
- Peter Kropotkin, 1842 - 1921
- Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844 - 1900
- Georg F.L.P. Cantor, 1845 - 1918
- Francis Herbert Bradley, 1846 - 1924
- Bernard Bosanquet, 1848 - 1923
- Hans Vaihinger, 1852 - 1933
- Josiah Royce, 1855 - 1916
- Sigmund Freud, 1856 - 1939
- Henri Bergson, 1859 - 1941
- John Dewey, 1859 - 1952
- Edmund Husserl, 1859 - 1938
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1860 - 1936
- Lou Andreas Salomé, 1861 - 1937
- Alfred North Whitehead, 1861 - 1947
- George Santayana, 1863 - 1952
- John Ellis McTaggart, 1866 - 1925
