Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl: Differenza bejn il-verżjonijiet

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[[Stampa:2006 03 19 Tepoztlan 21.JPG|daqsminuri|Veduta tal-faċċata tal-knisja tal-monasteru f'Tepoztlan.]]
Il-'''Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl''' (bl-[[Lingwa Spanjola|Ispanjol]]: ''Monasterios en las faldas del Popocatépetl'') huma ħmistax-il monasteru tas-seklu 16 li nbnew mill-Wistinjani, mill-Franġiskani u mid-Dumnikani sabiex jevanġelizzaw l-inħawi fin-Nofsinhar u fil-Lvant tal-vulkan [[Popocatépetl]] fil-[[Messiku]] ċentrali. Dawn il-monasteri ġew rikonoxxuti bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1994, peress li servew bħala mudell għall-monasteri u għall-knejjes bikrin kif ukoll għall-isforzi ta' evanġelizzazzjoni fil-Messiku u f'xi punti lil hinn mill-Amerka Latina.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/702/|titlu=Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-11-16}}</ref> Dawn il-monasteri kważi b'mod uniformi huma kkaratterizzati minn atriju kbir ħafna quddiem knisja b'navata waħda u b'''capilla abierta'' jew [[kappella]] miftuħa. L-atriju kien jiffunzjona bħala punt fejn kienu jiltaqgħu l-popli indiġeni u l-patrijiet missjunarji, u l-quddies għall-persuni li jkunu għadhom kemm ikkonvertew kienet issir barra minflok ġewwa l-knisja. Dan l-arranġament ġie ripetut f'inħawi oħra tal-Messiku evanġelizzati mill-patrijiet.
 
Il-ħmistax-il monasteru huma miftuħa għall-viżitaturi. Ħdax minnhom jinsabu fit-Tramuntana ta' Morelos, tlieta fl-istat ta' Puebla, u wieħed f'Tlaxcala. Il-ħdax-il monasteru f'Morelos huma promossi wkoll bħala r-"Rotta tal-Vulkan" jew ir-"Rotta tal-Monasteri" għal skopijiet turistiċi. Fl-44 sessjoni fl-2021, is-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ġie estiż biż-żieda tal-Katidral tal-Belt ta' Tlaxcala.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/unesco-names-tlaxcala-cathedral-a-world-heritage-site/|titlu=UNESCO names Tlaxcala cathedral a World Heritage Site|kunjom=Davies|isem=Peter|data=2021-07-28|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-11-16}}</ref>
 
== Reġjun ==
TheIs-Sit Worldta' HeritageWirt SiteDinji consistsjikkonsisti ofminn fifteenħmistax-il monasteriesmonasteru thatli arejinsabu locatedfin-Nofsinhar southu andfil-Lvant easttal-[[Belt of the city of Mexicotal-Messiku]], the majority in theil-maġġoranza statefl-istat ofta' Morelos, exceptgħajr threetlieta thatli arejinsabu infl-istat the state ofta' Puebla. The monasteries inIl-monasteri f'Morelos arejinsabu locatedfil-muniċipalitajiet in the municipalities ofta' Atlatlahucan, Cuernavaca, Tetela del Volcán, Yautepec, Ocuituco, Tepoztlán, Tlayacapan, Totolapan, Yecapixtla andu Zacualpan de Amilpas. TheIt-tlieta threefl-istat inta' Puebla arejinsabu locatedfil-muniċipalitajiet inta' Calpan, Huejotzingo andu Tochimilco. MostIl-biċċa ofl-kbira theseta' monasteriesdawn areil-monasteri locatedjinsabu onfil-periferiji the outskirts oftal-vulkan Popocatépetl volcano.
 
Għalkemm Popocatepetl huwa vulkan attiv, l-ebda wieħed mill-monasteri ma ġie affettwat direttament minn din l-attività, għalkemm uħud ġarrbu ħsarat minn attività sismika. Il-periklu tal-vulkan huwa baxx f'dawn il-monasteri u f'iktar minn mitt [[monument]] storiku tar-reġjun, minħabba li f'din iż-żona ma tantx ikun hemm flussi tal-[[lava]] mill-vulkan u minħabba li l-monumenti ma nbnewx fl-inħawi fejn hemm iktar probabbiltà li jkun hemm fluss tal-lava.
Although Popocatepetl is an active volcano, none of the monasteries have been affected by this activity, although some have been damaged by seismic activity. The danger of the volcano is low in these monasteries and in the more than one hundred historical monuments of the region, because in this area there are low lava flows from the volcano and because the monuments were not built in areas where lava tends to run.
 
== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Il-Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl tas-seklu 16 ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1994 u s-sit ġie estiż fl-2021.<ref name=":0" />
The UNESCO World Heritage Site consists of fifteen monasteries that are located south and east of Mexico City, most in the state of Morelos, with three in the state of Puebla, and one in Tlaxcala. The monasteries in Morelos are located in the municipalities of Atlatlahucan, Cuernavaca, Tetela del Volcán (including the one in Hueyapan), Yautepec, Ocuituco, Tepoztlán, Tlayacapan, Totolapan, Yecapixtla and Zacualpan de Amilpas. The three in Puebla are located in Calpan, Huejotzingo and Tochimilco. Most, but not all, of these monasteries are located on the periphery of the Popocatepetl volcano.
 
Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]], dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-[[bniedem]]".<ref name=":0" />
They were declared a World Heritage Site on 17 December 1994, due to being the model for monasteries and evangelism on the American Continent. They represent the adoption of an architectural style by the first Franciscan, Dominican and Augustinian missionaries, which included the use of open outdoor space. This use of open space in the planning of churches and monasteries was adopted through most of Mexico and in some other parts of Latin America. There is disagreement as to whether the monasteries represent a complete imposition of European design or whether they adopted certain aspects of indigenous ceremonial spaces. However, the use of open chapels and “capillas posas” or atrium corner chapels, in large atriums were a way of accommodating the first indigenous converts, who were not used to entering large enclosed structures. The atrium became essential as the meeting point between the evangelists and the indigenous.
 
== Restawr ==
The fifteen were built at the very beginning of the evangelization period after the Conquest. The monasteries in Morelos are San Mateo Apostol in Atlatlahucan, Asunción in Cuernavaca (current Cathedral), Santo Domingo de Guzmán in Hueyapan, Santiago Apostol in Ocuituco, Santo Domingo in Oaxtepec, La Natividad or la Anunciaciòn in Tepoztlàn, Santo Domingo de Guzman in Tetela del Volcàn, San Juan Bautista in Tlayacapan, San Guillermo Abad in Totolapan, San Juan Bautista in Yecapixtla and Immaculada Concepción in Zacualpan de Amilpas.
Wara li l-monasteri tniżżlu fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, l-Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) wiegħed u alloka miljuni ta' pesos għar-restawr u għall-preservazzjoni ta' ħdax-il monasteru. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-flejjes ġew immirati lejn il-problemi kkawżati mill-umdità fil-ħitan. Wieħed mill-ewwel proġetti kien ir-restawr tal-affreski mal-ħitan tal-monasteru ta' Tetela del Volcán. Proġett bikri ieħor kien ir-restawr tal-ġonna u tal-għelieqi tal-monasteru ta' Atlatlahucan. Dawn l-għelieqi issa jipproduċu l-avokado u għelejjel oħra li jinbigħu bħala għajnuna biex tiġi ffinanzjata l-manutenzjoni.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724150802/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/7056037|titlu=Rescatan la Ruta del volcán Popocatépetl {{!}} Ediciones Impresas Milenio|data=2011-07-24|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-11-16}}</ref>
 
Iktar minn 70 % tal-monasteri li nbnew fis-seklu 16 għadhom f'kundizzjoni tajba. Madankollu, hemm min jilmenta li l-flejjes allokati għax-xogħol tar-restawr mhumiex biżżejjed u ferm inqas ġew ibbaġitjati għal attrazzjonijiet oħra bħall-Bażilika ta' Guadalupe jew saħansitra l-Palazz tal-Marqués del Apartado. Ħafna mix-xogħol li sar jinvolvi r-restawr taż-żoni tal-atriji, il-kurituri tal-purċissjonijiet u l-kappelli tal-atriji, li għadhom jeżistu. Sforz kbir ieħor hu t-tneħħija tal-ħaxix ħażin u tal-pjanti li jikbru fuq il-bini stess.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223612/http://www.diarioavanzada.com.mx/noticia.php?id=40012|titlu=Diario avanzada|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-11-16}}</ref> Ix-xogħol tar-restawr f'għadd ta' monasteri wassal għall-iskoperta mill-ġdid tal-affreski. Madankollu, ħafna mix-xogħol tar-restawr għadu jrid isir.<ref>Antonio Bertran (2000). "Crearan un fondo mixto para restaurar monasterios". ''Reforma'' (bl-Ispanjol). Il-Belt tal-Messiku. p. 4.</ref>
In Puebla, there are three: San Francisco de Asís in San Andrés Calpan, San Miguel Arcángel in Huejotzingo and Asunción de Nuestra Señora in Tochimilco.
 
After the sites' being named as a World Heritage Site, the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, (INAH) pledged millions of pesos for the restoration and preservation of eleven of the monastery sites. Much of the money was targeted to problems caused by humidity in the walls. One of the first projects was to restore the mural work in the Tetela del Volcán monastery. Another early project was to restore the gardens and fields of the Atlatlahucan monastery. These fields now produce avocados and other crops which are sold to help fund maintenance.
 
Over 70% of the monasteries built in the 16th century are still in good condition. However, there are claims that the money allocated for the restoration work is insufficient for the job and far less than has been budgeted for other landmarks such as the Basilica of Guadalupe or even the Palace of the Marqués del Apartado. Much of the work that has been done involves restoring the atrium areas, processional corridors and the atrium chapels, where they still exist. Another major effort is to rid the buildings of moss and plants growing on the buildings themselves. Restoration work in a number of the monasteries and restored, and in some cases, led to the rediscovery of murals. However, much restoration work still needs to be done.
 
Despite Popocatepetl's being an active volcano, none of the monasteries have been damaged by it, although some have been damaged by earthquake activity. Volcano danger to these and the over 100 other historical monuments in the area is low because lava flows from the volcano are generally slow and monuments were not built in the low-lying areas that lava tends to run to.
 
To further publicize the World Heritage monasteries in Morelos, the state promotes the eleven as the Route of the monasteries or the Route of the Volcano. The route begins in Cuernavaca with the monastery church serving as the city's cathedral. The route then moves east and somewhat north through Tepoztlán, Oaxtepec, Tlayacapan, Totolapan, Atlatlahuacan, Yecapixtla, Ocuituco, Tetela del Volcán and Hueyapan before ending in Zacualpan de Amilpas.
 
== Monasteri ==