|
[[File:Gooseberry1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|160px|Għeneb tax-xewk (varjetà Jewettà) - akwatint 1894]]
==Kif tikber u karatteristiċi fiżiċi==
L-għeneb tax-xewk jikber f'arbuxxelli mħabbla li jogħlew bejn 1m u 3m, the branches being thickly set with sharp spines, standing out singly or in diverging tufts of two or three from the bases of the short spurs or lateral leaf shoots. The bell-shaped flowers are produced, singly or in pairs, from the groups of rounded, deeply-crenated 3 or 5 lobed leaves. The fruit of wild gooseberries is smaller than in the cultivated varieties, but is often of good flavour; it is generally hairy, but in one variety smooth, constituting the ''R. uva-crispa'' of writers; berries' colour is usually green, but there are red variants and occasionally deep purple berries occur.
==Range==
The gooseberry is indigenous to many parts of Europe and western, south and southeast [[Asia]], growing naturally in [[alpine climate|alpine]] thickets and [[Rock (geology)|rocky]] [[Forest|woods]] in the lower country, from [[France]] eastward, well into the Himalayas and peninsular India.
==Referenzi==
[[File:2005currant and gooseberry.PNG|thumb|[[Ribes|Currant]] and gooseberry output in 2005]]
{{referenzit}}
In [[Great Britain|Britain]], gooseberry bushes are often found in [[copse]]s and [[hedgerow]]s and about old ruins, but the gooseberry has been cultivated for so long that it is difficult to distinguish wild bushes from feral ones, or where the gooseberry fits into the native flora of the island. Common as it is now on some of the lower slopes of the [[Alps]] of [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] and [[Savoy]], it is uncertain whether the [[ancient Rome|Romans]] were acquainted with the gooseberry, though it may possibly be alluded to in a vague passage of [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]''; the hot summers of [[Italy]], in ancient times as at present, would be unfavourable to its cultivation. Although gooseberries are now abundant in [[Germany]] and [[France]], it does not appear to have been much grown there in the [[Middle Ages]], though the wild fruit was held in some esteem [[Pharmacology|medicinally]] for the cooling properties of its [[acid]] juice in [[fever]]s; while the old [[English language|English]] name, ''Fea-berry'', still surviving in some provincial dialects, indicates that it was similarly valued in Britain, where it was planted in gardens at a comparatively early period.
[[William Turner (ornithologist)|William Turner]] describes the gooseberry in his ''Herball'', written about the middle of the 16th century, and a few years later it is mentioned in one of Thomas Tusser's quaint rhymes as an ordinary object of garden culture. Improved varieties were probably first raised by the skilful gardeners of [[Holland]], whose name for the fruit, ''Kruisbezie'', may have been easily corrupted into the present English vernacular word. Towards the end of the 18th century the gooseberry became a favourite object of cottage-horticulture, especially in [[Lancashire, England|Lancashire]], where the working [[cotton]]-spinners have raised numerous varieties from [[seed]], their efforts having been chiefly directed to increasing the size of the fruit.It is the good source of Vitamin C
[[File:Stachelbeere (Ribes uva-crispa).jpg|thumb|upright|Red gooseberries]]
==Climate==
Of the many hundred varieties enumerated in recent horticultural works, few perhaps equal in flavour some of the older denizens of the fruit-garden, such as the ''Old Rough Red'' and ''Hairy Amber''. The [[climate]] of the [[British Isles]] seems peculiarly adapted to bring the gooseberry to perfection,{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} and it may be grown successfully even in the most northern parts of [[Scotland]] where it is commonly known as a "grozet"; indeed, the flavour of the fruit is said to improve with increasing latitude. In [[Norway]] (where it's named "stikkelsbær" — or "prickly berry"), the bush flourishes in gardens on the west coast nearly up to the [[Arctic]] circle, and it is found wild as far north as 63°. The dry summers of the French and German plains are less suited to it, though it is grown in some hilly districts with tolerable success. The gooseberry in the south of England will grow well in cool situations, and may be sometimes seen in gardens near [[London]] flourishing under the partial shade of [[Apple (Fruit)|apple]] [[tree]]s; but in the north it needs full exposure to the sun to bring the fruit to perfection. It will succeed in almost any [[soil]], but prefers a rich loam or black alluvium, and, though naturally a plant of rather dry places, will do well in moist land, if drained.
It is also widely found in villages throughout the former Czechoslovakia.
[[File:Gooseberry sectioned.jpg|thumb|left|Sectioned gooseberries showing seeds]]
[[File:Gooseberry flower1.jpg|thumb|right| A blossom of gooseberry]]
==Cultivation==
The easiest method of propagating gooseberries is by cuttings rather than raising from seed; cuttings planted in the autumn will take root quickly and can begin to bear fruit within a few years.
Vigorous pruning may be necessary; fruit is produced on lateral spurs and the previous year's shoots, so the 19th-century custom was to trim side branches in the winter, and perhaps trim leading shoots at that time or remove their tips in the summer.
Large berries can be produced by heavy composting, especially if the majority of the fruit is picked off while small to allow room for a few berries to continue to grow. Grafting of gooseberry vines onto ornamental golden currants (''Ribes aurum'') or other ''Ribes'' species can be helpful for this purpose. Some 19th- and early 20th-century cultivators produced single gooseberries near to two ounces in weight, but, as with many varieties of fruit, larger sizes of gooseberry proved to have weaker flavor.{{clr}}
[[File:Illustration Ribes uva-crispa0.jpg|thumb|upright|''Ribes uva-crispa''<ref>Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885</ref>]]
==Pests==
Gooseberry bushes are vulnerable to magpie moth (''[[Abraxas grossulariata]]'') caterpillars. In cultivation, the best method for removing them is to remove the larvae by hand soon after they hatch; its eggs are laid on fallen gooseberry leaves.
Other potential threats are V-moth (''[[Macaria wauaria]]'') and Gooseberry sawfly (''[[Nematus ribesii]]''). ''Nematus reibesii'' grubs will bury themselves in the ground to pupate; on hatching into adult form, they lay their eggs, which soon hatch into larvae, on the underside of gooseberry leaves. 19th-century insecticides against these included tar water, weak solutions of [[carbolic acid]], and powdered [[hellebore]], which worked against magpie moths and V-moths as well as gooseberry sawflies. ([[Foxglove]] and [[tobacco]] infusions were also sometimes used.) Careful removal of fallen leaves and [[tilling (agriculture)|tilling]] of the ground around the plant will also destroy most eggs and chrysalises of these insects.
[[Potassium sulfide]] was known to be an effective treatment for blights and other parasitic growths, such as American gooseberry mildew.
Note that like most ''[[Ribes]]'', the gooseberry is a potential host for [[Cronartium ribicola|white pine blister rust]], which can cause serious damage to [[Pinus classification|white pines]]; thus, gooseberry cultivation is illegal in some areas of the U.S.{{fact|date=December 2011}}
==Culinary uses==
[[Image:Gooseberries in China 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gooseberries for sale in Hainan, China]]
Gooseberries are often used as an ingredient in desserts, such as [[pie]]s, [[fruit fool|fools]] and [[crumble]]s. They are also used to flavour beverages such as [[soda]]s, [[flavoured water]]s, or [[milk]], and can be made into [[fruit wine]]s and [[tea]]s. Gooseberries can be preserved in the form of [[fruit preserves|jam]]s, [[drying (food)|dried fruit]], or as the primary or a secondary ingredient in [[pickling]], or stored in [[sugar syrup]].
==Etymology==
The "goose" in "gooseberry" has usually been seen as a corruption of either the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''Kruisbes'' or the allied [[German language|German]] ''Krausbeere'', or of the earlier forms of the [[French language|French]] ''groseille''. Alternatively the word has been connected to the [[Middle High German]] '''krus''' (curl, crisped), in Latin as ''grossularia''. However, the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' takes the obvious derivation from ''[[goose]]'' and ''[[berry]]'' as probable because "the grounds on which [[plant]]s and [[fruit]]s have received names associating them with [[animal]]s are so often inexplicable that the inappropriateness in the meaning does not necessarily give good grounds for believing that the word is an etymological corruption."<ref name="Harper">[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=gooseberry Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{1911}}
{{commons-inline|Ribes uva-crispa}}
[[CategoryKategorija:RibesBakek]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[ar:جوسبري]]
| 